Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel)

Eiffel tower is the highest iron tower in the world. Eiffel tower built in 1887 and finished in 1889. It is in the Champ de Mars hall -bank of Seine River-, Paris-France. Eiffel tower is the symbol of France. Eiffel tower was the member of seven wonders, but now it don't anymore.

The architect of this building was Alexandre Gustave Eiffel. This building was the entrance of Exposition Universelle -World Exhibition which celebrate one century of France Revolution-. Eiffel tower legitimated in 31 March 1889 and opened for public in 6 May 1889. Gustave sent his draft about Eiffel tower to Barcelona but government in Barcelona thought that draft was strange and expensive so they rejected it. Eiffel didn't give up and he sent his draft to government in Paris. Government in Paris accepted his draft and finally eiffel tower successfully built.

Eiffel tower is 300 m high. More than 300 workers built this tower. They fused 18083 part of iron and 2,5 millions of nail in structural form which design by Maurice Koechelin. All about 7300 ton. This tower can aslant 6-7 cm and decrease upto 18 cm from its normal height. In the top of Eiffel tower there is a television antenna which have 24 m high. This is a very high risk to build Eiffel tower because this tower is uncommon tower with no middle point except two platform so Gustave took a careful action to minimize that risk. Gustave supervised everything with really careful so this project only got one victim dead.

Gustave got so many critic from people in Paris. They said that tower disturb the view around Paris so they wanted to brake. Eiffel tower had license 20 years so in 1909 this tower had to brake down -this also the rule to make tower that easy to brake down-.But after over the license date, Eiffel tower didn't brake down because it had many function, for the example when the first Marine War happen, this tower was the place to command the taxi in front line. Antenna in this tower also have function to communicate with United State Naval Observatory in Airlington, Virginia, USA. Now this building is the icon of Paris and the central tourism place.


Sources : 1.) Http://www.shvoong.com
2.) Http://www.resep.web.id
3.)Http://www.tuansufi.wordpress.com
4.)Http://www.wikipedia.org

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Pyramid

Pyramid, who don't know this building? Pyramid is one of the seven wonders in the world. Seven wonders choosed and selected with so many criteria, it's not easy to be the member of seven wonders. To be the member of seven wonders observed by the function to the citizen, unique, and large size of the thing. From the first time seven wonders choosed until now, Pyramid still be the member.

If we hear about Pyramid, the first thing in our mind is a very large triangle but for the real, what is Pyramid? Pyramid is a place to save Pharaoh's corpse or we can say that Pyramid is a tomb, a very large tomb for Pharaoh. One Pyramid only fill with one corpse, depend on who built that Pyramid. There are many Pyramid found in this word. It shows that was many Pharaoh who ever lead Egypt. The special thing of Pyramid is the size and the materials which built it. Pyramid structure is consist of millions block of stone and each stone 2,5 to 15 tons. Every Pyramid has many variation of the height, from less than 100 m upto more than 150 m (480 ft). Can you imagine prehistoric people could build a building which height more than 100 m? It really nonsense for them to built a building like that, even for modern people need hi-tech machine to build a building more than 100 m high. How could prehistoric people put the stone one by one to made cone shape? Amazing..... Jean Francois Champollion -Modern Ancient Egypt Knowledge Father- predicted that people who built Pyramid different with now. He predicted that the people who built the Pyramid could reach 100 ft height. Graham Hancock -Famous Author- in his book "God's Dactyloscopy" said in that unstabilized place, very hard to stabilize their position while moved up very large and heavy stone one by one , so it's nonsense for common people to do it. He predicted that this job did by very strong and powerful people because it need very specific accuration and precision to finish that job.

The largest and highest Pyramid found in Giza -name of city in Egypt-. The first Pyramid in Giza built by Khufu Pharaoh. Scientist predicted that Pyramid begun to build about 2680 B.C. The structure made by solid mass of limestone blocus which covering 13 acres/5,3 hectares and about 756 ft/230 m along each side of it's base, it also reach 482 ft/147 m high. It consist of 2,3 millions stone blocks and each weight about 2,5 to 15 tons. Second Pyramid in Giza built by the son of Khufu Pharaoh. They started to build the Pyramid about 2520 B.C. The third Pyramid in Giza built by the grandson of Khufu Pharaoh. It was about 2490 B.C. when they started. Something we can find in three Pyramid at Giza are including palace, temples, solar boat pits and other features. Scientist had a conclucion that the first Pyramid built by Khufu Pharaoh in Giza, but a note called “Inventory Stela” that saved in the Kairo museum, said that there was another Pyramid before Khufu became the Pharaoh. This statement was really controversial because it against the traditional culture in Egypt so that it delayed the investigated of Pyramid history.

Beside Pyramid at Giza, there is still many Pyramid in this world. One of them is “The Pyramid of the Sun”. The Pyramid of the Sun is in the famous archeological area at Teotihuacuan. Tetihuacuan is the biggest ancient city in Mexico called “God City”. It is about one hour in northeast to capital city of Mexico. The Pyramid nearly 200 ft high and 700 ft wide. It built on top of a cave which was discovered in 1970. Do you know there is a myth there, if you wear white dress and climb to the top of The Pyramid of the Sun and at the top stand with arms, you will get the special energy of the site on that day? Climb to the top of the Pyramid, can you imagine how high is it? All around 250 stairs there. If you reach to the top, you can see the excellent view.

A few times ago, some archeologist found another Pyramid in Teotihuacuan. That pyramid is under the mountain which usually used to illustrated the crossing of Jesus - Saviour for the Christian -. This Pyramid 60 ft high and 2 ft under the surface of the earth. Is it amazing? That pyramid can’t investigated with more detail because the mountain is used by everyone in the world to celebrate/ remind about Jesus crossing. Many parts of this pyramid already brake because every year millions people come there and automatically damaged.

There are still many pyramid in the world, but the most amazing that aver found was in the Bermuda Triangle at Atlantic Ocean. This pyramid was found on the bottom of the sea. Fantastic!! That pyramid is 200 m high, 100 m under the surface of the earth and each bottom side reach 300 m. How can this amazing pyramid built under the sea? There was many opinions of that ting. Some scientist said that pyramid built in the ground but because of the very big earthquake, that pyramid went down underwater.some other said that place in some hundred years ago was one of Atlantis people place to do their activities. Master Li Hongzhi in his book ”Zhuan Falun” have an explaination about it. He said on this earth there are Asia, Europe, America, Africa, Oceania, and Atlantic continent. Since all of that continent formed already a history for millions years. Many places already went down under water and many place under water went up to the land. In the bottom of the sea already found so many building with beautiful carving and it was not from the modern people culture, so certainly it went to under water.

In this world so many pyramid found. It is really amazing, for the real how clever was the prehistoric people so they could build an amazing building like pyramid.













Sources: 1. http://www.nationalgeographic.com
2. http://www.theepochtimes.com
3. http://www.evabavu.net
4. http://www.erabaru.or.id
5. http://www.about.com
6. Inspiration Civilization Prehistoric for Mankind



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BPUPKI (Dokuritsu Zunbi Cosakai)

BPUPKI was one of organization in Indonesia that had a really important place in independent declaration of Indonesia. This organization formed in 1 March 1945 in Java -name of island in Indonesia-. BPUPKI formed by Kumakici Harada -General of Japan- because in that time Japan got a critical situation and wanted to made Indonesian people supported Japan. In that time, Japan had to faced USA and friends, so they needed help from many country especially Indonesia which had many nature resources and people.

BPUPKI consist of one leader (Kaicoo), two young leaders (Fuku Kaicoo), and sixty members (Lin). Here was the structure of the organization :





Leader : Dr. K.R.T Radjiman Wediodiningrat


Young Leader :
1. R.P. Suroso
2. Ichibangase


Members :
1. Ir. Soekarno
2. Mr. Moh. Yamin
3. Dr. R. Kusumaatmadja
4. R. Abdulrahim Pratalykrama
5. R. Aris
6. K.H. Dewantara
7. R.A.A. Wiranatakusuma
8. Ir. R. Asharsutedjo Munandar
9. Opy Tiang Tjoei
10. Drs. Mohammad Hatta
11. R.M. Margono Djojohadikusumo
12. K.H. Abdul Halim
13. K.H. Masjkur
14. R. Sudirman
15. Prof. Dr. P.A. Husein Djajadiningrat
16. K. Bagus H. Hadikusumo
17. B.P.H Bintoro
18. Abdul Kahar Muzakir
19. Mr. Ny. Maria Ulfah
20. R.M.T.A Surjo
21. R. Rooslan Wongsokusumo
22. Mr. R. Susanto Tirtoprodjo
23. Ny. R.S.S. Sunarjo Mangunpuspito
24. Dr. R. Buntaran Martoatmodjo
25. Lim Koen Hian
26. Mr. Y. Latuharhary
27. Mr. R. Hindromartono
28. R. Sukardjo Wirjopranoto
29. Haji A. Sanusi
30. A.M. Dasaad
31. Mr. Tang Eng Hoa
32. Oei Tjong Hauw
33. H. Agus Salim
34. M. Sutardjo Kartohadikusumo
35. Ir. Surachman Tjokroadisurjo
36. R.A.A. Sumitro Kolopaking Purbonegoro
37. K.R.M.T.H. Wurjaningrat
38. Mr. Achmad Subardjo
39. Prof. Dr. Asikin Widjajakusuma
40. Abikusno Tjokrosujoso
41. Parada Harahap
42. Mr. R.M. Sartono
43. K.H. Mas Mansjur
44. Drs. K.R.M.A. Sosrodiningrat
45. Prof. Dr. Supomo
46. Prof. Ir. R. Rooseno
47. Mr. R.P. Singgih
48. Mr. R.P. Suwandi
49. K.H. Wahid Hasyim
50. P.F. Dahler
51. Dr. Sukimam Wirjosandjojo
52. Mr. K.R.M.T. Wongsonagoro
53. R. Oto Iskandardinata
54. Baswedan
55. Abdul Kadir
56. Dr. Samsi
57. Mr. A.A. Maramis
58. Mr. R. Samsudin
59. Mr. R. Sastromuljono
60. B.P.H Purbojo



BPUPKI legitimated as an organization in 29 April 1945. It same with the birthday of Tenno Haika -General Of Japan-. It was in "Cuo Sangi In" building -Military Government Advisory council building-, now "Department Of Foreign Affairs" building (pejambon street, Jakarta).

BPUPKI had function to learned and investigated important things that had a relation with independent Indonesia formed. This organization wanted to learn about economic, political, law and other things to make independent Indonesia.


BPUPKI arranged its first meeting on 29 May - 1 June 1945. Main things that discussed by BPUPKI in that meeting was about based philosophy of independent Indonesia. The leader of BPUPKI requested to all of members about Indonesia's based foundation. There was 3 person who gave idea, they were Moh. Yamin, Supomo and Soekarno. Here were the ideas :


1. Mr. Moh. Yamin on 29 May 1945 :
- Nationalism Fairy
- Humanity Fairy
- God Fairy
- Citizenship Fairy
- Citizen Prosperity



2. Prof. Dr. Supomo on 31 May 1945 :
- United
- Family Spirit
- Balance Of Body And Soul
- Negotiation
- Citizen fairness



3. Ir. Soekarno on 1 June 1945 :
- Nationality Of Indonesia or Nationalism
- Humanity Fairy or Internationalism
- Agreement or Democration
- Social Prosperity
- God Who Really Only



In the future, after Soekarno gave his ideas, 1 June declared as “Pancasila Day” in Indonesia. BPUPKI’s first meeting ended on 1 June 1945 but there was still no decisions. So, after break 1 month, BPUPKI formed small committee called “Nine Commttee” because it consist of nine persons, they were Ir. Soekarno (Leader), Drs. Moh. Hatta, Mr. Moh. Yamin, Mr. Achmad Soebardjo,Mr. A.A. Maramis, Abdulkahar Muzakir, K.H. Wahid Hasyim, H. Agus Salim, and Abikusno Tjokrosujoso. The purposed of Nine Committee was to make a summary from BPUPKI’s first meeting.


The output of Nine Committee was “Piagam Jakarta” or “Jakarta Charter”. Jakarta Charter was a summary which consist of based philosophy and purposed independent Indonesia formation. Here was the content of Jakarta Charter.
1. God, with duty to did muslim rule for the each adherent.
2. (depended on) humanity based which fair and cultured.
3. Indonesia United
4. (and) citizenship which lead by wise soul in representative negotiation.
5. (also with realized a) social fairness for all Indonesian people.


Here was the content of Jakarta Charter :


Jakarta Charter


The Thruth independence is the inalienable right of all nations, and therefore over the world colonialism must be abolished, because not in accordance with the fairy-fairies-humanity and justice.

And the struggle for Indonesian independence movement has been reached (is) to when the happy-prosperity safely deliver the people of Indonesia to the fore the gate of an independent Indonesian state, united, sovereign, just and prosperous.

The blessings of Almighty God, and motivated by the noble desire to live a free national life, the people of Indonesia hereby declare their independence.

After that, to form a government of independent Indonesia which shall protect all the Indonesian people and the country-of Indonesia, and to promote general welfare, the intellectual life of the nation, and contribute to the establishment of a world order based on freedom, abiding peace and social justice, then arranged Indonesia's national independence in a Basic Law of the State of Indonesia, which was formed in an arrangement Indonesia Republic, which sovereign people, with is based on: the divine, with the obligation to run for the followers of Islamic law-adherents, according to a just basic humanity and civilized, Indonesia's unity, and democracy led by the wisdom of representative deliberation, and with the establish a social justice for all Indonesian people


Jakarta, June 22, 1945

Ir. Soekarno
Mohammad Hatta
AA Maramis
Abikusno Tjokrosujoso
Abdulkahar Muzakir
H.A. Salim
Achmad Subardjo
Wahid Hasyim
Muhammad Yamin


BPUPKI’s second meeting started from 10 July and ended 17 July 1945. In the opening of the meeting, Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat announced that would be 6 new members in BPUPKI. The main things that would be discussed in the second meeting was about the shaped of independent Indonesia. There were 55 members who wanted to make Indonesia as a republic country, 6 members anted to make Indonesia as monarchy, 2 embers wanted to make another shape of Indonesia, and 1 member blanco. Total there were 64 members voices.


Here were the chronology of BPUPKI’s second meeting :


1. On 10 July 1945 discussed about formed 3 committee. There were “Fundamental Constitution Panelist Committee”, “Monetary and Economic Investigator Committee”, “Nationality Defender Committee”.
a.) Fundamental Constitutional Panelist Committee conducted by Ir. Soekarno. This committee had a special members from Japan namedMyano. There were 18 embers in this committee, they were :
- A.A. Maramis
- Oto Iskandardinata
- Poeroebojo
- Agus Salim
- Mr. Achmad Soebardjo
- Prof. Dr. Supomo
- Mr. Maria Ulfah Santoso
- Wachid Hasyim
- Paroda Harahap
- Mr. Wongsonegoro
- Wuryaningrat
- Mr. R.P. Singgih
- Tan Eng Hoat
- Prof. Dr. P.A. Husein Djajadiningrat
- Dr. Sukiman
- Mr. Laturharhary
- Mr. Susanto Tirtoprodjo
- Mr. Sartono
b.) Monetary and Economic Investigator Committee conducted by Drs. Mohammad Hatta. This committee had a special member from Japan named Tokonami Kakka.
c.) Nationality Defender Committee conduducted by Abikusno Tjikrosuyoso. This Committee had 2 special members from Japan, they were Tanaka Kakka and Matuura.


2. On 11 July 1945 BPUPKI discussed about Indonesia’s limit and large. There were 3 proposal about
Indonesia’s limit and large, tey were :
- Holland Hindia’s ground in the past.
- Holland Hindia’s ground in the past with Malaya, North Borneo, East Irian, Timor Portugis (Now Timor Leste)
- Holland Hindia’s ground in the past with Malaya, but without West Irian.
From 66 voices, 19 voices choosed the first proposal; 6 voices choosed the third proposal; 1 voice choosed other place; and 1 voice blanco.

On 11 July 1945, Fundamental Constitution Panelist Committee agreed the opening of Fundamental Constitution of Indonesia that adapted from Jakarta Charter. After that, Fundamental Constitution Panelist Committee set up new small committee name “Fundamental Constitution Designer Small Committee”. This Committee had 6 members, they were :
- Prof. Dr. Supomo (Leader)
- Mr. Wongsonegoro
- Mr. Achmad Soebardjo
- Mr. A.A. Maramis
- Mr. R.P. Singgih
- H. Agus Salim
- dr. Sukiman


3. On 3 July 1945 Fundamental Constitution Panelist Committee arranged a meeting to got a report from
its small committee. The reported from Fundamental Constitution Designer Small Committee were :
a.) Sovereign did by Citizen Negotiation Council which made a meeting once in five years to make an constitution.
b.) President had to make an agreement with House Of Representatives Parliament.
c.) For the daily job, President was the leader of government. President got a supported from Vice President and Minister who responsible to President.

That summary improved by "Smoothing Language Committee" to smooth the language . This committee also repaired and arranged that result. This committee consist of :
- Prof. Dr. Husein Djajadingrat
- H. Agus Salim
- Prof. Dr. Supomo


4. On 14 July 1945 BPUPKI continued its second meeting. In that meeting Ir. Soekarno reported 3 things
that already discussed by Fundamental Constitution Panelist Committee before, there were :
- Independent Indonesia Statement.
- Opening of Fundamental Constitution.
- Main Things of Fundamental Constitution
*Concept of Independent Indonesia statement adapted from 3 paragraph of Jakarta Charter.
*Concept of opening Fundamental Constitution almost adapted all from the fourth and last paragraph in Jakarta Charter.
*Both of that concept discussed in the meeting for more one hours.


5. On 16 July 1945, Radjiman Wediodiningrat said that they Fundamental Constitution Text surely.


6. On 17 July 1945 BPUPKI discussed about Economic Committee and Nationality Defender Committee ideas. After that, BPUPKI accept that committee's ideas, and with accepted that committee's idea, BPUPKI's job had finished.



Finally, all result that already did by BPUPKI gave to Saiko Shikikan -Commander In Chief in Java-. BPUPKI already did a really big job, and made Indonesia moved forward one step. Finally BPUPKI dismissed by Japan in 7 and replaced with PPKI -Organization which continued Indonesian fight with colognizer-











Sources :

1. Suparmanto, Agus Gondho et al. 2004. Sejarah 2 (Untuk SMP Kelas VIII). Jakarta : PT. Galaxy Puspa Mega.
2. Indratno, A. Ferry T.2007. Sejarah (Untuk SMA/MA Kelas XI IPA). Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.
3. Http://www.wikipedia.org



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